Mutualism of Rhinz Essay -- Biology, Symbiosis

Symbiosis refers to a relationship in nature, between two organisms. It can exist in any of 3 forms. These are mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. Each of these are different symbiotic systems in which at least one of the organisms benefits from the relationship. In a mutual relationship, both organisms will benefit in one way or another. In a commensal relationship, one organism will benefit from the partnership, while the other will not be hurt or benefitted. Finally, in a parasitic relationship, one organism will benefit from the partnership while the other organism will be harmed or even killed. The focus of this paper is mutual symbiosis found in nature (Patek, 2011). Symbiotic mutualism is a partnership in which both organisms will benefit from the relationship. This relationship beneficial to both organisms thus is beneficial to the ecosystem, indirectly. An example of this relationship, found in nature, is that of rhizobia and legumes. In this relationship, both the rhizobium and the legume on which it strives, benefit, in that the legume is enriched with nitrogen and amino acids by the rhizobium, while the rhizobium is given the important organic molecules which act as an energy source for the bacteria (Kiers et. Al., 2003). The nitrogen in this reaction is a very important nutrient, as it is a driving force of many photosynthetic processes. This process is carried out by the rhizobium bacteria attaching to a nodule on the root hair of the legume plant, taking nitrogen from the air and converting it to a form usable by plants (NH4) utilizing the enzyme nitrogenase, and in return receive the growth molecules it requires (Denison & Kiers, 2004) . Both organisms do benefit from the partnership they share; however, thi... ...c relationship with legume roots. However, this symbiotic relationship, in specific, can exist in one of two forms, either mutual or parasitic. Although the strand which exhibits mutualism most prominent among rhizobial populations, the parasitic strand does exist, yet is slowly being eradicated by the constantly evolving legumes. Researchers have studied the different strands of the bacteria, and have attempted to conclude on the efficiency of both separate strands. Each has concluded that although the parasitic strands have much less work to do to obtain the essential molecules to aid it in growth, it obtains a significantly smaller amount of the growth molecules, if any. This is because through evolutionary pathways of the legume roots, the parasitic strand is selected against, and the legume favors the more hard-working mutual strand of the rhizobium bacteria.

Physical Changes in Adolescence Essay

Children must pass through several stages, or take specific steps, on their road to becoming adults. According to the U.S Department of Health and Human Services the term adolescence is commonly used to describe the transition stage between childhood and adulthood. Adolescence is also equated to both the terms â€Å"teenage years† and â€Å"puberty.† They also state that puberty refers to the â€Å"hormonal changes that occur in early youth; and the period of adolescence can extend well beyond the teenage years. In fact, there is no one scientific definition of adolescence or set age boundary.† During the adolescence stage, parents will notice the greatest amount of changes that will occur in their child’s body. The adolescent himself/herself will also take note of these changes. Some of these teenagers may experience theses signs of maturity sooner or later than others. Adolescence is the time for growth spurts and puberty. The adolescents may grow several inches in height. This is true for both boys and girls at the age of 13 and goes as far as 18 yrs old. When it comes to the puberty change then these become more visible since there are several signs. The females start with these changes as early as 8 years old and in males at 9.5 yrs. Sexual and other physical maturation that occurs during puberty is a result of hormonal changes. As a child nears puberty, the pituitary gland increases the secretion of a hormone called follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). This hormone then causes additional effects. In girls, FSH activates the ovaries to start producing estrogen. In boys, FSH causes sperm to develop. In boys it is more difficult to know exactly when puberty is coming. There are changes that occur, but they occur gradually and over a period of time, rather than as a single event. Some of these changes might be the enlargement of the testicles, appearance of pubic hair their voice deepens and at the age of 14 some of them may have even ‘wet dreams’. The girls also happen to experience some changes as well. The first one to be noticed is the developmental of their breast, menstruation period and changes in their body shape start to show. No two teenage bodies are the same so some may  experience these physical changes before others. Physical development is a critical part of adolescence. How adolescents perceive their physical self, that is, what they think they look like and how they feel about it, directly relates to their overall sense of self-worth. Many of these feelings are influenced by their culture, the media, their peers, and their families. They are also influenced by their own initial sense of self-esteem as they enter this rapidly changing phase of physical development. We know that the changes are rapid and often drastic, resulting in rapid growth and physical maturity. Now that we have a sense of some of the important physical changes that occur during adolescence, we can use this information to help us better understand teens. It will also help us recognize their sensitive thoughts and feelings. We can use this information to help us direct them toward positive behavior and outcomes. By the beginning of late adolescence, many of these changes are nearing completion. This allows teens to gain more acceptance and ownership of their body image. By reminding ourselves of these changes, we can become more sensitive to teens’ growth experiences and treat them with the respect, compassion, and consideration that will help them move smoothly through these physical transitions. Parents can help their children by providing support and by being understanding and tactful during discussions about these changes. Preparing one’s children for the initial onset of puberty (menarche for girls and spermarche for boys) will let them know what to expect. It will also minimize any stress and shame that they may feel without adequate preparation. The approach to this preparation should be gentle, but informative. It may be given in a manner that is very positive, explaining that these events are â€Å"normal† and everyone experiences them once in their life. Once the child understands that this is part of the path to adolescence and a rite of passage, they will view these changes with minimal stress and maximum acceptance. What does my adolescent understand? The teenage years bring many changes, not only physically, but also mentally and socially. During these years, adolescents increase their ability to think abstractly and eventually make plans and set long-term goals. Each  child may progress at a different rate and may have a different view of the world. In general, the following are some of the abilities that may be evident in your adolescent: develops the ability to think abstractly  is concerned with philosophy, politics, and social issues  thinks long-term  sets goals  compares one’s self to one’s peers. As your adolescent begins to struggle for independence and control, many changes may occur. The following are some of the issues that may be involved with your adolescent during these years: wants independence from parents peer influence and acceptance becomes very important male-female relationships become important may be in love has long-term commitment in relationship How to assist your adolescent in developing socially: Consider the following as ways to foster your adolescent’s social abilities: Encourage your adolescent to take on new challenges. Talk with your adolescent about not losing sight of one’s self in group relations. Encourage your adolescent to talk to a trusted adult about problems or concerns, even if it is not you he/she chooses to talk with. Discuss ways to manage and handle stress. Provide consistent, loving discipline with limits, restrictions, and rewards. Find ways to spend time together. Topic Home Page | Return to Full List of Topics The information on this Web page is provided for educational purposes. You understand and agree that this information is not intended to be, and should not be used as, a substitute for medical treatment by a health care professional. You agree that Lucile Salter Packard Children’s Hospital is not making a diagnosis of your condition or a recommendation about the course of treatment for your particular circumstances through the use of  this Web page. You agree to be solely responsible for your use of this Web page and the information contained on this page. Lucile Salter Packard Children’s Hospital, its officers, directors, employees, agents, and information providers shall not be liable for any damages you may suffer or cause through your use of this page even if advised of the possibility of such damages.

Pursuit of the American Dream in The Great Gatsby and in...

The American Dream has always been a driving force in the lives of Americans. It has become a foundation of ideals and hopes for any American or immigrant. Specifically, one of the ideals that always exist is the dream of America free of class distinction. Every American hopes for a society where every person has the opportunity to be whomever he or she desire. Another ideal in the American dream is the drive to improve the quality of life. As one’s idea of the American Dream gets closer and closer, often times political and social ideals of America cause their American Dream to take a turn for the worst. The American Dream has become a motive for success for both Americans and immigrants. The dream is what draws foreigners to†¦show more content†¦The American society expects only certain things from certain people, ruining the American Dream for residents of America. In The Great Gatsby, Myrtle represents the low and ignorant class of America. She is a model for citizen who tries to break the social barriers that the society puts up and pursues wealth by any means necessary. Although people that goes extend themselves outside of their social class is achieving the American Dream, the society has its limits. When Myrtle receives a compliment made about her dress, she acts snobbish and blows off the comment. Nick sees the act that Myrtle has put on just to be a part of the upper-class society. The people around her easily recognize Myrtle’s fraudulence. Similar to Myrtle, Troy Maxson soon realizes that the society has its limits that affect the American Dream. In Fences by August Wilson, Troy Maxson sees how African-Americans are suppressed in the society he lives in. He believes that all African-Americans are â€Å"born with two strikes on you before you come to the plate† (69). Troy is always cribbing about the disadvantages of being a African-American and how his American Dream of playing baseball was jaded by th ey society. For both Troy and Myrtle, they have both realized that with each society come political and social ideals that destroy their American Dream. Society has an ideal about the American Dream that as you get closer to your own American Dream, your quality of life isShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Fences By August Wilson1240 Words   |  5 Pagesyoung, they are told to â€Å"dream big† and â€Å"shoot for the stars†. Nothing seems impossible. As people grow older, they become more aware of reality and dim their childhood dreams to a more practical level. However, this light always remains in the back of their brain, keeping them wondering what if? What if they had continued to pursue this goal despite the likeliness of failure? Would it still be worth it? Fences by August Wilson tells the story of an impoverished African-American family in the 1950s andRead MoreFailure Of The American Dream In The Writings Of F. Scott Fitzgerald, Zora Neale Hurston, And Augu st Wilson1418 Words   |  6 PagesThis literary study will define the failure of the †American Dream† in the writings of F. Scott Fitzgerald, Arthur Miller, Zora Neale Hurston, and August Wilson. Fitzgerald’s account of the Jay Gatsby s rise to fame in the 1920s defines the failure of financial success as part of the American Dream. Gatsby will eventually die due to his excessive greed, which is not unlike the emotional death of Willy Loman as he fails to become a successful salesman in Author Miller’s Death of a Salesman. More

Personal Narrative American Political Institutions

Zitlali Avalos Sunday P. Obazuaye POL 101: American Political Institutions 5 August 2016 Representative Report My name is Zitlali, I am 20 years old, and I am going to be a third year college student at Cal State University, Fullerton this fall. I will be the second person in my family to graduate from college. I am thankful for the support and unconditional love that my family has given me, because without them I would not have made it this far. They have shaped me into the person that I am today, and I know they are proud of who I have become. My parents have given me what they could and have guided me toward the right path that has lead me here today, and I could not be more grateful. My major is Health Science, and I plan to become a Nutritionist. I want to help people lead a healthy lifestyle and achieve their health-related goals. Although I aspire to help people lead a healthy lifestyle, I could never say no to pizza. One of my hobbies is running. I find running to be therapeutic, and the numerous benefits that come from it are a bonus. On my spare time I enjoy reading, walking on the beach, and sometimes shamefully binge watching Netflix. For the most part I would rather be alone, but I appreciate good company. I am a very curious person, and have a thing for mysterious things that I cannot quite understand. I have always preferred to find a holistic way to heal rather than take over the counter medication. I do not hide the way I feel and can be a bitShow MoreRelatedFrederick Douglass s Narrative Of The Life Of Fredrick Douglass, An American Slave1434 Words   |  6 PagesAs the most famous abolitionist African American leader, Fredrick Douglass is a political, historical, and literary figure whose words still reverberate the true meaning of freedom and political, economic, and social equality for all. Born a slave, Douglass was able to recount his story to a pre-Civil War American public, which had a tremendous effect on the views whites had about slavery and its role in American society. Douglass became a self-educated m an as he grew up within the entanglementsRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1728 Words   |  7 PagesSlavery, as a form of labor, has not inflamed a whole-scale political and social crisis more seriously anywhere than in the United States during the nineteenth century. In fact, the slaves were forced, kidnapped or â€Å"born† to be the suppressed and were not only required to perform endless labor, but also tortured, suppressed and bestially destroyed in numerous heartless ways — physically and mentally. However, a few decades before the outbreak of the civil war, it was barely possible for the ordinaryRead MoreBlack Men, By Frederick Douglass And Harriet Jacobs983 Words   |  4 PagesRacial prejudices plagued the minds of Americans during the 18th and 19th centuries. African Americans were viewed as intellectually and morally inferior to the white race. Black men were viewed as uneducable pack mules given value merely based on their strength and ability to work. Black women were viewed as lustful creatures that served the purpose of fulfilling a slave-owner’s sexual desires and for reproducing new â€Å"property†. A slave’s manhood or womanhood was diminished as neither gender hadRead MoreYour Freedom Is Not Free Essay1645 Words   |  7 PagesFreedom is more than a concept, it is an ideal with varied and complex subjective interpretations. Ideas concerning the liberty of body and soul are heavily connected to the formation of individual and cultural identity in American literary history. Certain nineteenth century American writers stand out for their real-life dedication to freedom and non-conformity for seeking to free themselves from whatever shackles limited them from reaching their potentials, both literally and figuratively. Henry DavidRead MoreIt Is Widely Known That Slavery Is A Brutal, Cruel, And1709 Words   |  7 PagesIt is widely known that slavery is a brutal, cruel, and inhumane re gime that had been wide-spread around the whole world. However, it has not inflamed a whole-scale political and social crisis more seriously anywhere than in the United States during the nineteenth century. People who were forced, kidnapped or passively â€Å"born† to be slaves were not only required to perform endless labor, but also tortured, suppressed and bestially destroyed in numerous heartless ways — physically and mentally. HoweverRead MoreTeaching Freedom : Education For Liberation953 Words   |  4 Pagesarticles into a collection that expounds upon education for liberation. In Teach Freedom: Education for Liberation in the African American Tradition the question of â€Å"did your education encourage you to move† resonated with me throughout the text. Over a series of nineteen articles, the centering theme of the role of education being political tied to the problem of African Americans being subjected to a hegemonic system which places those living at the intersection of race, class, and/or gender mis-educatedRead MoreGlobalization, Capitalism And The Everyday Essay1632 Words   |  7 Pagesthesis engages with capitalist and neoliberal literature followed by literature on everyday narratives to be able to contextualize consequences of historical and recent developments in the Kurdistan Region (KR), addressed in literature section, and the ways people have been affected by them are connected to the aforementioned topics. In this section, I argue that through the intervention of outside institutions and governments, foreign advisors and experts, and returnees from diaspora, a new politico-economicRead More Racism and the Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave1130 Words   |  5 PagesExamining Prevalent Attitudes on Racism and the Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave When we look at the issue of racism from a politically correct, nineties perspective, evidence of the oppression of black people may be obscured by the ways in which our society deals with the inequalities that still exist. There are no apparent laws that prohibit or limit opportunities for blacks in our society today, yet there is a sense that all things are not fair and equal. HowRead MoreEarly civilization of North America1575 Words   |  6 PagesMexico. Majority of the English colonists were those who escaped their homeland to avoid political coercion, to practice their religions with freedom and to explore new opportunities that were absent in their homeland. It was the time when England was facing an economic depression and job opportunities were rare even for skilled people. Immigration of English and other European settlers was primary due to the political instability in their homeland. The instable regime of Charles I forced many EnglishRead MoreSlavery And The Slavery O f Slavery Essay1742 Words   |  7 Pagesoften found ways to resist their masters, and the institution of slavery in a subtle or a suicidal way. The visions of freedom varied throughout time periods and regions; in 1739, you have the Stono Rebellion, people used laws to argue their cases of injustice, such as Emanuel Pieterson and Dorothy Angola, who fought for the freedom of their child and David Walker, Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacob who used literature to speak against the institution of slavery. Another aspect was that freedom had

Poverty Of Sharecroppers And Unemployed Industrial Workers

Poverty of Sharecroppers vs Unemployed Industrial Workers Poverty has been a big issue over the past century or so and continues to be a problem to this day in the United States. Due to the Civil War, rural areas and industrial areas were affected by poverty. The poverty of rural sharecroppers in 1877 was different from the poverty of unemployed industrial workers in 1939. Even though both situations were dealing with a form of poverty, both were two completely different situations. There were several major events that happened that caused poverty of rural sharecroppers in 1877. Although there were various events leading up to the poverty of unemployed industrial workers in 1939, poverty in the year of 1877 was just as bad, if not worse, as in the year of 1939. There are several major events that happened after the Civil War that led up to poverty. In 1865, Southern states started issuing out black codes after the Civil War. Black codes were intended to restrain African Americans’ freedom. It made it illegal for an African American to be unemployed or to quit a job, which made them slaves even though they were getting paid low wages. In 1866, the 14th Amendment was passed by Congress, which granted citizenship for all Americans, not just white Americans, but African Americans too. This Amendment got endorsed by the states, which became known as the Reconstruction Amendment two years later in 1868. In 1870, the states were obligated to enforce the 15th Amendment due theShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Importance of the New Deal in the 1920s666 Words   |  3 PagesThe first look at the New Deal was to seek for an economic improvement of multiple working efforts towards relief aid, and towards recovery. The second look at the New Deal was focused towards many depression hit farmers, industrial workers of all races and trade unionist. In the 1920s there was many issues that were in need of resolution. Issues that were pressing such as effected individuals from The Great Depression. The civilian conservation corps was established in order to provide jobsRead MoreGreat Depression Essays1347 Words   |  6 Pagesforeclosing farm mortgages and by the early 1930s thousands upon thousands of American farmers were out of business. The U.S. economy was superficial and shallow. Major businesses increased profits through most of the decade while wages remained low and workers were unable to buy the goods they had helped to produce. The financial and banking systems were very unregulated and a number of banks had failed during the 1920s. The construction and automotive industries, whose booming business had been made possibleRead MoreEssay on The Success of the New Deal811 Words   |  4 Pagesthe future. Workers rights and conditions were improved. The national recovery administration codes did much to regulate conditions in many industries. When the Supreme Court made this law illegal it was replaced by the Wagner act. This act established workers rights to join unions and to bargain collectively for wages. During the1930s, union membership increased steadily. During 1937 there were many strikes in the auto and steel industries. Workers used sit-down Read MoreThe Impact of the New Deal on the United States Essay1530 Words   |  7 Pageson the United States The Great Depression, an era of great poverty, misery, and hopelessness, proved to be one of the most dreadful time periods in all of America’s history. During the Great Depression, dreams were lost and having a moderate amount of food everyday became a difficult challenge forRead MoreReview Of Alan Brinkley s The Unfinished Nation1638 Words   |  7 Pages(FERA) was developed to provide relief funds to the states in the form of outright grants (Commager 31). The FERA distributed around $ 3 billion in federal funds to 8 million families --one sixth of the population. Yet, it wasn t enough to get the unemployed back to productive work (Commager 31). Unemployment had reached 25% in 1933, the highest it had been since the start of the Depression. In 1934, unemployment fell to 21.7%. After realizing that the FERA grants would not be enough, Roosevelt’s administrationRead More Aims Of The New Deal Essay966 Words   |  4 PagesAims of the new deal The aims of the new deal are relief, recovery and reform relief is for the old the sick and the unemployed their were many different agencies for all the different aims but some were for more then one section of the new deal the ones for the relief part are CCC CWA FERA The what they do are CCC = civilian conservation cos they gave young men new jobs, food and a small wage relief from unemployment the jobs they got given were jobs like clearing land, planting treesRead MoreFranklin Delano Roosevelt and the New Deal2344 Words   |  9 Pagesof Americans. 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Work relief programs, such as the popular Civilian Conservation Corps, which offered unem ployed Americans a chance to earn wages while working to conserve natural resources, and the Works Progress Administration, which gave unemployed Americans government-funded jobs on public works projects, were established to provide relief for the unemployed while simultaneously boosting the industry and society. Not only did New Deal programs offer Americans wages, but theseRead MoreAfrican Americans During The Great Depression974 Words   |  4 PagesEvery group of Americans was affected by the Great Depression; however, African-Americans experienced the worst brunt of the blows. By 1932, more than half of African-Americans were unemployed. Discrimination also was visible in policies aimed to give relief during the Depression. Lastly, racial violence again became more common, especially in the South with no repercussions for committers of such violence. Before the Depression, Americans prospered during the roaring twenties. This was an exuberantRead MorePresident Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal and Unemployment1355 Words   |  6 Pagesthe number of business failures dramtically dropped from 150 per 10,000 businesses in 1932 to 55 per 10,000 in 1934. Roosevelt went on to meet the urgetn needs of the poor. The Federal Emergency Relief Administration provided the unemployed and homeless with money and shelter. $500 million was spent onsoup kitchens, blankets, employment schemes and nursery schools. Most states were not happy to dish out all this money to the poor, so the governemnt gave every stat $1

Methodist denominations Free Essays

Methodist denominations are today represented by four major churches: the United Methodist Church, the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church and the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church. The present paper describes and compares these four institutions. Historically, the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church is a denomination, composed of African Americans, who adopt and employ Methodism as their religious worship (Bucke, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Methodist denominations or any similar topic only for you Order Now 340). â€Å"The group was organized in 1870 when several black ministers, with the full support of their white counterparts in the former Methodist Episcopal Church, South, met to form an organization that would allow them to establish and maintain their own polity, that is, to ordain their own bishops and ministers without the necessity of them being officially endorsed or appointed by the white-dominated body† (Bucke, p. 342). Nowadays, the organization has its publishing house in Memphis, Tennessee. According to internal documentation concerning leadership, bishops are elected as superintendents of the church and can perform their duties until the age of 74, importantly, there are no gender restriction for this position, so females are entitled to be elected.   Bishops are supposed to appoint pastors (or local clergy), protect and preserve the beliefs of the church and perform ordinations (Heitzenrater, p. 348; Bucke, p. 343). The major characteristic of this denomination is the belief in the universal redemption, under which everyone can be saved, regardless of their ‘earthy’ activities. Other prominent beliefs include: the importance of Christian perfection and spiritual development; the possibility or leaving this church (for another one, or rejecting christian beliefs completely); the priority of faith; the possibility of witnessing the Holy Spirit in this life and the importance of observing sacraments (Baptism and the Lord’s Supper) (Heitzenrater, p. 351). The church has three branches of power – legislative (the General Conference), exeutive (Episcopacy) and judicial (the Judicial Council). The African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church was also intended as a religious organization for individuals of color and was established in 1821. The word ‘Zion’ refers to the Biblical teachings and means ‘Church’ (Heitzenrater, p. 398). â€Å"The society of this new denomination called itself the â€Å"Freedom Church† at the time, because the founders decided to dedicate it to the liberation of the human spirit. Spiritual, social and economic freedom were very important to the founders† (Wigger, p. 284). The members of this church share almost the same beliefs as those who belong to the CME, but AME Zion seems to impose more obligations upon its participants, as its statute claims that individuals are basically miserable and therefore should dedicate themselves to serving God in order to receive the real blessing the achieve personal liberty. This denomination is extremely concerned about the religious affairs in African countries and therefore its missionaries regularly visit the corresponding countries. While the CME is administered by bishop, who has the full range of entitlements, the most critical decisions in the AME Zion are taken during the general conference, but the hierarchy and bureaucracy in this denomination are also uncomplicated and actually not exceedingly formalized (Bucke, p. 401). The United Methodist Church is among the largest Protestant denominations (Wigger, p.225 ) , as it has accepted under its roof a number of minor organizations, which nowadays have very low level of autonomy and both officially and factually belong to the single church. â€Å"The United Methodist Church is organized into conferences† (Wigger, p.227).   The General Conference is the most influential organization, entitled to express the opinion of the whole church and to approve decisions and projects. The General Conference is gathered every four years, and each meeting results in the publication of the Book of Resolutions, or additional principles and plans to implement. Jurisdictional and Central Conferences are hierarchically lower and therefore accountable to the General Conference (Kimbrough, p. 118). The main objectives of the jurisdictional meetings (which also take place every four years) are electing bishops as well as chief administrators of the members units and planning basic activities for these executives. The Annual Conference, accordingly, is aimed at appointing minor clearly like pastors and (re-)interpreting the Book of Discipline. â€Å"Annual conferences are further divided into Districts, each served by a District Superintendent. The district superintendents are also appointed annually from the ordained elders of the Annual Conference by the bishop. District superintendents are not superior in ordination to other elders; upon completion of their service a superintendent they   routinely return to serving local congregations† (Kimbrough, p. 119). Importantly, this denomination allows women to serve as bishops and in general observes the same Christian principles as the two above described organizations, based upon the individual salvation and outreach work with the disadvantaged.   On the other hand, the UM is a bureaucratic and formalized organization, which has strict leadership structure and therefore might be at risk of the monopolization of the power by the single participant (Kimbrough, p. 124). As for the clergy of the organization, they are divided into three ‘positions’: bishops, elders and deacons, the last group of religious workers are responsible for technical performance of liturgies and also might be employed as educators, musicians or business administrators, i.e. they can combine their participation in the UM with more secular activities. Elders have the same responsibilities, but the main difference between these two classes of the clergy is the regulation of appointments: deacons have a chance to choose the locality where they wish to serve, whereas elders are assigned directly by the Annual Conference (Kimbrough, p. 130; McEllhenney, p. 429). According to another classification, local pastors are distinguished from the other three categories. Local pastors, conversely to bishops, deacons and elders, are not required to have master’s degree in theology (divinity) or related sciences. In order to avoid the misuse of entitlements in local churches, the conferences can annually make new appointments for all local congregations, but the same deacons, elders and pastors serve at the certain local organization for years. The African Methodist Episcopal Church was established in the 1850s and has almost the same organization as the UM, so the primary decision-making body is the General Conference, during which bishops are elected. â€Å"The bishops are the chief Officers of the Connectional Organization. They are elected for life by a majority vote of the General conference which meets ever four years. Bishops are bound by the laws of the church to retire following their 75th birthday† (Heitzenrater, p. 473). The Council of Bishops is also called the Executive Branch of the denomination, as it is responsible for applying the new statutes, adopted during the General Conference. The Board of Incorporators is the supervisory body that conducts analysis and partial control of the Council’s activities and determines whether they match to the overall religious course, established by the organization. The General Board is the administrative body, responsible for the distribution of material resources and financial affairs of the denomination, so it approves the decisions made by the Council of Bishops and provides the resources needed for applying new rules or principles, building new churches or colleges (this denomination has sixteen higher education institutions). The Judicial Council is charged with resolving the conflicts within the denomination and also dealing with corresponding appellations (McEllhenney, p. 463). The major mission of the AME is supporting the nurturing physical and spiritual development of its congregations as well as the whole society in general. More specific objectives are as follows: â€Å" 1) preaching the gospel; 2) feeding the hungry; 3) clothing the naked; 4) housing the homeless; 5) cheering the fallen; 6) providing jobs for the jobless; 7) administering of the needs of those in prisons, hospitals and nursing homes; 8) encouraging thrift and economic advancement† (McEllhenney, p. 658). In conclusion, it is necessary to summarize the similarities and differences between the denominations. First of all, they have approximately similar beliefs and missions, which necessarily include brotherly aid for those in need and education for the youth: all churches have their own education institutions, which provide holistic training in various disciplines beyond theology. Furthermore, all these churches are concerned about the current political and social affairs and although they do not directly engage into non-religious movements, they always state and publicize their attitudes towards such issues as terrorism, the U.S. trade deficiency and ethnic segregation, moreover, actively help ethnic minorities. As for a parishioner, all churches are comparatively ‘democratic’ in their beliefs and do not place too strict constraints upon the individual’s lifestyle (fasts etc) and skillfully use the principles of social work like the empowerment and reinforcement of community capacities. On the other hand, the united Methodist church and the African Methodist Church have more complicated hierarchical structure and therefore appear more ‘formal’ organizations and therefore have more prescriptions for deacons, elders and pastors, serving for local congregations. All denominations avoid gender discrimination and view females as equal to males in terms of their entitlements. Finally, the CME and the AME Zion appear more sensitive to the recent changes in social life or recent crises, as their responses to the adversities bred by hurricane Katrina were the most rapid,   even though these organizations are much smaller that the others. Works cited 1)Bucke, E. The History of American Methodism. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1964. 2)Heitzenrater, R. Wesley and the People Called Methodists. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1995. 3)Kimbrough, D. Reverend Joseph Tarkington, Methodist Circuit Rider. Knoxville, University of Tennessee Press, 1997. 4)McEllhenney, J. United Methodism in America: A Compact History. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1992. 5)Wigger, J. Taking Heaven by Storm: Methodism and the Rise of Popular Christianity in America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. How to cite Methodist denominations, Essay examples

Pressure Ulcer Care free essay sample

The aetiology of pressure ulcers is in some parts insubstantial due to the numerous influences that apply to the formation of a pressure ulcer. There are, none the less, a diverse array of contributing factors that have been proven to impair the structure of the skin and disrupt the healing processes, for example heart complications, lack of mobility, nutrition, sensory loss, temperature and age effecting the skins texture and strength. The most significant rationale behind the choice of clinical skill is to assist in the advancement of knowledge base, as Ali amp; Atkin (2004, p. 03) accurately specify, ‘we need to use our increasing knowledge base to transform service provision and provide better primary care’. As health professionals it needs to be realised that we are a vital link between patients and other specialised health care services, Morison (2001, p. 4) points out the importance of, ‘health care professionals as patient advocates in relation to tissue vi ability services’, if we do not make it our duty to be knowledgeable of what options our patients have it is impossible to administer care holistically as if our duty as a health care professional. We will write a custom essay sample on Pressure Ulcer Care or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In recent studies it has shown that pressure ulcers are most prominent with surgical patients, research has also shown that the surgical patient develops a pressure ulcer 8 times more than the non surgical patient (Pulskamp, 2007). Interestingly it shows that not only are pressure ulcers observed in older patients but just as often in the younger ago groups, with an increase in occurrence in those who receive neck and head surgeries (Bader et al, 2005), In a study is it is shown that adaptation to the operating table diminished sharply the incidence of pressure ulcer development. Bader et al found that often Pressure ulcers are observed after 2 weeks of being admitted, this then contradicts the theory that ‘pressure ulcers are caused by inadequate nursing care’, this then can only suggest that pressure ulcers develop during an operation, during periods of treatment or during investigations, for example X-ray departments where the mattresses are not adapted to the variety of different patients with a different variety of problems. To reduce occurrence and risk there must be put in place preventative measures in terms of risk assessments but as Pulskamp (2007) points out, ‘There is no validated tool to predict risk of pressure ulcers in the surgical patient’. There are numerous pressure ulcer risk assessment tools in use, yet none being significantly more preferred than others and each with particular strengths and weaknesses. In 2003 the National Institution for Clinical Excellence produced the guidelines, ‘pressure ulcer risk assessment and prevention, including the use of pressure relieving devices (beds, mattresses and overlays) for the prevention of pressure ulcers in primary and secondary care’. They suggest that in order to maximise the effectiveness of the guidelines, they should be enhanced by implementing them in working partnerships such as tissue viability teams. The aim of the guidelines, as LittleJohns amp; Rawlins (2005, p. 9) highlight, are to ‘inform clinical practice and to direct clinical decision making in order to improve patient outcomes with regard to pressure ulcer prevention and management’. To encourage the use of this guideline the National Institution of Clinical Excellence suggest, ‘incorporating guidance into continuing professional development programmes (in order to) further encourage its use in clinical practice’ (LittleJohns amp; Rawl ins, 2005, p. 100). After initial implementation an audit was arried out which highlighted significant pitfalls in implementation of the guidelines in clinical practice, for example being unable to record timings or risk assessments, repositioning charts not being used and seating assessments n out being carried out, this highlights the need for flexibility in future risk assessments as clinical issues often arise and cannot be avoided in the busy schedules of health care professionals and can often become barriers to the effective implementation there for making the correct use of the guidelines impossible risks unattended concerning the patients. They also voice the fear that the guidelines are simplifying clinical decision making and urge professionals to adopt any particular recommendations in light of such issues as available resources, local policies, patient circumstance and updates research findings. The European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel quick reference guidelines on prevention for developing pressure ulcers (2009) have a in depth and diverse approach on the assessment of pressure sores and contributing factors, their guidelines investigate not only the treatment of pressure ulcers but use of pressure ulcer prevention devices and wound management with a grading system to reflect the severity of the sore. The advisory panel suggests that, ‘pressure ulcers need to be assessed in the context of the patients overall condition’, they also identify ‘nutrition, pain and psychosocial factors as potential areas of complication, looking into the localization, grade, size, wound bed, exudates, pain and status of the surrounding skin’ (Dealey, 2005, p. 138). One of the pitfalls of this particular assessment strategies is the actual analysis of the pressure ulcer itself, one must have gained adequate back ground knowledge and experience on the analysis of a sore and the most suitable wound management product (for example dressings or antibiotics if the wound appears infected) to truly be able to grade it, Dealey (2005, p. 142) herself discusses, ‘accurate assessment is necessary in order to select a suitable wound management product’.